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| Feature | | Heat Loss Method | |---------|------------------------|----------------------| | Formula | Efficiency = Output / Input | Efficiency = 100% – Total Losses | | Best for | High accuracy, known fuel flow | Unknown fuel flow, troubleshooting | | Required instrumentation | Fuel flow, steam flow, feedwater flow | Flue gas analysis (O₂, CO, CO₂), temperatures | | Uncertainty | ±1–2% | ±0.5–1.5% (preferred for large units) | | ASME preference | Reference method | Alternate method |

Method: Test with mixed fuel, then back-calculate individual fuel performance using binary heat loss separation – not explicitly covered, requires engineering judgement.