A popular A-Z reference covering thousands of transistor types and their substitutes. The Transistor Handbook (Cletus J. Kaiser):
Measure the voltages at the collector and emitter. If the collector is at Vcc (cutoff) or 0V (saturation) when it should be mid-supply, your substitute has the wrong gain or leakage. all transistor equivalent book
Transistor equivalent books serve as a bridge between tens of thousands of unique part numbers from global manufacturers. A popular A-Z reference covering thousands of transistor
No single table can list every equivalent. The "all transistor equivalent book" is a , not a PDF. If the collector is at Vcc (cutoff) or
Start your collection today. Keep a printed SMD code book in your toolbox and a digital database on your phone. When a customer hands you a dead PCB with a part number that nobody has seen since the Berlin Wall fell, you’ll open your all transistor equivalent book and smile. You have exactly what you need.