Ludmilla Habibulina ((new)) [Windows]

She demonstrated that Volga Bulgaria was not merely a passive conduit for silver from the Islamic world to Northern Europe, but an active processor. Habibulina identified locally struck imitations of Samanid dirhams, proving that the Bulgar elite controlled currency production to regulate fur and slave markets. Her maps of hoard distribution—from the Kama River valley to the Middle Don—revealed a "silver crescent" that bypassed Kiev, challenging the primacy of the Dnieper route in the Viking-Islamic trade.

Habibulina’s most significant technical contribution lies in her systematic analysis of . In a series of articles from the 1970s and 1980s (e.g., "Coin Finds from the Bilyar Settlement" and "The Numismatic Chronology of Volga Bulgaria"), she achieved two breakthroughs: ludmilla habibulina